In Case You Missed It, featuring Sri Lanka

In Case You Missed It, featuring Sri Lanka

Photo by Jonathan Fryer

A little over a year ago I began paying more attention to Sri Lankan politics, following them as closely as I follow the goings on of politics in my own country. I highly recommend this to everyone for a lot of reasons, but at the very least, I can offer an incredibly quick summary of the past year of Sri Lankan history.

Here’s what happened in the past year, in a nutshell:

THE WAR ENDS – BOTH SIDES COMMITTED ATROCITIES

In May of 2009, the Sri Lankan government emerged victorious in their brutal 26 year civil war. This was arguably an ethnic conflict. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elaam (LTTE, or Tamil Tigers) began the civil war in the wake of legislation they felt was destroying their culture and history. They lost to the mostly Sinhalla forces of the Sri Lankan Government who were seeking to unify the nation with that legislation. Neither group is indigenous to Ceylon — the name of the Island on which the nation of Sri Lanka occupies — they just came to the island at different times, and both claim to be there first.

During the war both sides committed major human rights violations. The WINNERS, Sri Lankan Government:

- fired rockets into hospitals on at least 30 occations,
- “disappeared” hundreds (maybe thousands) of Tamils, including buses of children, many of whom expected to be relocated away from the fighting,
- raped women (checkpoints were famous for this),
- asked civilians to leave a No Fire Zone (to let tanks through) then fired on them outside the No Fire Zone.
- threw grenades into civilian bunkers
- killed hostages
- tortured and killed hostages and civilian Tamils,
- shot surrendering LTTE soldiers (including officers and generals) and Tamil civilians escaping from the LTTE.

The LOSERS, the Tamil Tigers:

- invented the suicide bomber,
- moved the entire civilian Tamil population with them as they retreated, and killed those who protested as “ethnic traitors,”
- used child soldiers,
- enforced extremist Victorian moral codes on their own soldiers: no alcohol, sex, or fun
1. there is only one document case of LTTE soldiers committing rape, and the rapists were dragged behind a tractor to death
2. enforced exaggerated gender stereotypes, and then forced female soldiers to give up these stereotypes to become soldiers, even when they were forced to become soldiers.
- in 1991 they assassinated former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Ghandia
- in 1993 they assassinated Sri Lankan president Ranasinghe Premadasa.

But that war is now over, and the government is trying to figure out what to do with the Tamils who were moved back throughout this conflict.

TAMILS AFTER THE WAR

After the war 283,000 Tamils were locked in refugee camps without the right to leave; they didn’t release the majority of them for six months. These camps were plagued by shortages of food and medical supplies.

It has been widely reported that women and girls in these camps traded sex for food for themselves and their families.

There are still nearly 100,000 people in these camps waiting to be released.

But they will never really be released. It is expected that when/if they go home they will be monitored, most likely for the rest of their lives, and very possibly throughout their children’s lives as well.

It is still being debated whether or not they will ever be allowed to vote. But with memories of the war so recent in their memories, they aren’t likely to protest.

AN ELECTION

The Tamils didn’t vote in the presidential election this January. But the Sinhalla and other ethnic groups did.

This election wasn’t like elections in many other countries where voters choose between different candidates.

This presidential election was between two candidates who campaigned on virtually the exact same political platform. They made the same campaign promises. They called each other the same names and even had similar controls over the military and economy.

For all intents and purposes, they were the same candidate.

Then came the election, the incumbent president won, and it seemed to be a tainted election. There were many oversight groups on the ground monitoring to see if democracy was served by these elections. These groups judged that the election was free and fair. I’m highly skeptical of the outcome of this election and the judgment of the oversight groups.

Here are a few reasons to be skeptical of this election’s legitimacy:

1. Pre-election polling indicated the candidates were a hairs-breadth apart, yet President Mihinda Rajapaksa won with a 17 percent margin of victory.
2. The opposition candidate, former Army Chief Sarath Fonseka, and many of his supporters’ names weren’t on the ballots and thus they couldn’t vote.
3. Only a fraction of the Tamils (about 13% of the population, including the entire population in, or recently released from, the camps) were eligible to vote.
4. On Election Day, Fonseka’s security detail was removed while he and many of his supporters were barricaded in Cinnamon Lake Hotel by the Sri Lankan Army.

The main difference between these two candidates is their reaction to accusations of human rights violations during the civil war.

Rajapaksa justified violating the Geneva Convention and other international human rights laws in very general and ambiguous terms. Fonseka, on the other hand, actually said the army sometimes has to overlook the traditional rules of war. This was in response to an inquiry about a film of showing the extrajudicial execution nine bound naked Tamil soldiers by men under Fonseka’s command.

However, that was during the war, which they both used to justify their heroism, and the others’ rights violations.

Since the election, the defeated Fonseka has gone from being barricaded in a hotel to being arrested for sedition.

The Sri Lankan people are not as disaffected and jaded by the political system as we are.

They may have not stood up after the election irregularities previously listed, and I really can’t explain why, but the government arresting Fonseka right after the election was too much for his supporters. Thousands of protestors peacefully demonstrated outside their Supreme Court building.

The government responded by driving military vehicles into the crowd running over several protesters, firing tear gas canisters into the crowd and beating them.

These protests, and Fonseka’s sedition, created a sense of panic among government officials –Sri Lanka has been a nominal democracy since 1931; a democracy that survived WWII, independence from Britain and 26 years of war against the inventors of the suicide bomber — However, with Fonseka’s sedition and these protests, Rajapaksa dissolved parliament until the next election.

Sri Lanka’s 81 years of democracy are now over.

On April 8th new elections will be held for every seat of parliament, hopefully these elections will restore democracy.

However, Rajapaksa’s supporters are looking to do very well in these elections.

That’s the situation Sri Lanka is in today. We’re all waiting to see what happens with the coming elections and the remaining imprisoned Tamils.

This is what you learn from following another country. You learn the U.S. isn’t the only place that makes no sense.